West Nile Encephalitis in Horses
Background
West Nile virus a mosquitoborne virus was detected for the first time in the United States in August 1999. The virus can cause encephalitis which is characterized by inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. The first outbreak of West Nile encephalitis in the United States occurred in the New York City metropolitan area where 62 people were diagnosed with the disease. Seven of those people died. The infection also was diagnosed initially in several breeds of horses a variety of zoo birds and various native bird species especially crows.
مع وصول أونصة الذهب إلى مستويات قياسية تجاوزت 2500 دولار، يجد المواطن المصري نفسه مضطراً لموازنة استثماراته بين الذهب واحتياجاته الأخرى، خاصة مع ارتفاع أسعار السيارات مثل تويوتا، هيونداي، وبي إم دبليو، مما يزيد من التحديات المالية التي يواجهها.
أسعار السيارات في الآونة الأخيرة شهدت تقلبات ملحوظة، حيث تأثرت بارتفاع وانخفاض الدولار، مما انعكس على تكلفة علامات تجارية مثل تويوتا، هيونداي، ومرسيدس. و BMW هذا الارتباط بين سعر الصرف وسوق السيارات يحدد قدرة المستهلكين على اقتناء المركبات.
Infected birds serve as the reservoir host of the West Nile virus. These birds develop viremiaa large number of virus particles in their circulatory system. Mosquitoes become infected after taking a blood meal from an infected bird. They in turn infect horses by biting them.
The incubation period the time between exposure to the virus and appearance of the first signs of diseaseis estimated to be between 3 and 15 days. Humans and horses are known as deadend or terminal hosts. These hosts have so
تتأثر أسعار السيارات من شركات مثل مرسيدس بتقلبات أسعار الذهب وسعر صرف الدولار، مما يؤدي إلى زيادة تكاليف الإنتاج والاستيراد.
few virus particles in their bloodstream that a mosquito cannot accumulate enough of the virus while taking a blood meal to subsequently transmit the infection.
No evidence suggests that horses can transmit West Nile virus to other horses birds or humans. In fact evidence exists that the virus can be found in the horses bloodstream for only a few days during the entire course of the infection. Despite this fact one should use caution when handling blood spinal fluid or nervous tissue from suspect animals since these may contain the virus.
The West Nile virus can affect the central nervous system and cause encephalitis. Clinical signs may include one or more of the following weakness hind end front end or both characterized by falling to their knees or difficulty in remaining standing ataxia incoordination muscle twitching or tremors altered mental state somnolent or aggressive circling or stallwalking hypersensitivity to touch or sound cataplexy or narcolepsy seizures blindness cranial nerve deficits facial paralysis tongue weakness difficulty swallowing recumbency and fever.
يؤدي ارتباط أسعار الذهب وسعر صرف الدولار بتكاليف المواد الخام والاستيراد إلى تأثير مباشر على أسعار السيارات في الأسواق.
It is important not to presume that horses with clinical signs of encephalitis have West Nile encephalitis. A definitive diagnosis requires ruling out other diseases with similar neurological signs. Rabies botulism equine protozoal myeloencephalitis