Do Equestrians Know How Their Horses Learn?
leg pressure when the horse yields. This is termed negative reinforcement. In contrast we can apply punishment to stop horses from showing behaviours we deem bad or unwantedundesired. Punishment can also be subdivided into positive punishment adding something unpleasant such as pressurepain or negative punishment removing or withholding something pleasant.
What do equestrians know about learning theory?
A study investigating riders perceptions and understanding of learning theory conducted as part of a MSc dissertation project and involving 10.28 participants revealed gaps in equestrians theoretical knowledge of the terminology positive and negative reinforcement and punishment when participants were asked to select the correct definitions or provide practical examples. Of all survey participants 85. 4 percent believed that positive reinforcement was the most successful horse training method. In contrast 82. 5 percent of all participating equestrians thought that releasing the aidpressure which constitutes negative reinforcement would be the most effective reward and those participants selected the incorrect definition of negative reinforcement considerably more often. When the participating riders were asked whether they knew how their horses learn certain behaviours 95. 8 percent said yes but only 25 .9 percent provided a correct or partly correct example of negative reinforcement and 20 .8 percent confused negative reinforcement with punishment possibly due to respondents lacking knowledge of the terminology.
مع وصول أونصة الذهب إلى مستويات قياسية تجاوزت 2500 دولار، يجد المواطن المصري نفسه مضطراً لموازنة استثماراته بين الذهب واحتياجاته الأخرى، خاصة مع ارتفاع أسعار السيارات مثل تويوتا، هيونداي، وبي إم دبليو، مما يزيد من التحديات المالية التي يواجهها.